LAUSR

Simple Summary The ultimate need in cancer tissue is to adapt translation machinery to accelerated protein synthesis in a rapidly proliferating environment. Our study was designed with the aim of integrating fundamental and clinical research to find new biomarkers for prostate cancer (PC) with clinical usefulness for the stratification prediction of healthy tissue transition into malignant phenotype. This study revealed: (i) an entirely novel mechanism of the regulatory influence of Poly(A) deadenylase in mRNAs translational activity and the 3′ mRNA untranslated region (3′UTR) length in cancer tissue and its regulation by the poly(A) decay; (ii) the RNASEL interrelationship with the inflammatory pattern of PC and corresponding tumor-adjacent and healthy tissue; and (iii) the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of these enzymes. The proposed manuscript is based on the use of specific biochemical and immunoassay methods with the principal research adapted for the use of tissue specimens. Abstract The post-transcriptional messenger RNA (mRNA) decay and turnover rate of the template-independent poly(A) tail, localized at the 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) of mRNA, have been documented among subtle mechanisms of uncontrolled cancer tissue growth. The activity of Poly(A) deadenylase and the expression pattern of RNASEL have been examined. A total of 138 prostate tissue specimens from 46 PC patients (cancer specimens, corresponding adjacent surgically healthy tissues, and in their normal counterparts, at least 2 cm from carcinoma) were used. For the stratification prediction of healthy tissue transition into malignant phenotype, the enzyme activity of tumor-adjacent tissue was considered in relation to the presence of microfocal carcinoma. More than a four-times increase in specific enzyme activity (U/L g.prot) was registered in PC on account of both the dissociation of its inhibitor and genome reprogramming. The obtained ROC curve and Youden index showed that Poly(A) deadenylase identified PC with a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 94.6%. The RNASEL expression profile was raised significantly in PC, but the sensitivity was 40.5% and specificity was 86.9%. A significantly negative correlation between PC and control tissue counterparts with a higher expression pattern in lymphocyte-infiltrated samples were reported. In conclusion, significantly upregulated Poly(A) deadenylase activity may be a checkpoint for the transition of precancerous lesion to malignancy, while RNASEL may predict chronic inflammation.