Simple Summary Immunotherapy is now one of the therapeutic options for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Given the poor prognosis of this cancer type and the low response… Click to show full abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is now one of the therapeutic options for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Given the poor prognosis of this cancer type and the low response rate to immunotherapy, the application of predictive biomarkers is essential for selecting suitable candidates for treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The aim of this review is to document the biomarkers that have been studied, and have been associated so far, with the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma. Further research on biomarkers from tissue or liquid biopsy, such as characteristics of tumor microenvironment, gene alterations, exosomes, miRNA, and ctDNA, will aid in identifying appropriate patients who will benefit from this treatment and in determining prognosis.
Journal Title: Cancers
Year Published: 2025
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