LAUSR

The emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO 2 , have been identified as the main contributor for global warming and climate change. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered to be the most promising strategy to mitigate the anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. This review aims to provide the latest developments of CO 2 storage from the perspective of improving safety and economics. The mechanisms and strategies of CO 2 storage, focusing on their characteristics and current status, are discussed firstly. In the second section, the strategies for assessing and ensuring the security of CO 2 storage operations, including the risks assessment approach and monitoring technology associated with CO 2 storage, are outlined. In addition, the engineering methods to accelerate CO 2 dissolution and mineral carbonation for fixing the mobile CO 2 are also compared within the second section. The third part focuses on the strategies for improving economics of CO 2 storage operations, namely enhanced industrial production with CO 2 storage to generate additional profit, and co-injection of CO 2 with impurities to reduce the cost. Moreover, the role of multiple CCS technologies and their distribution on the mitigation of CO 2 emissions in the future are summarized. This review demonstrates that CO 2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs could play an important role in reducing CO 2 emission in the near future and CO 2 storage in saline aquifers may make the biggest contribution due to its huge storage capacity. Comparing the various available strategies, CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) operations are supposed to play the most important role for CO 2 mitigation in the next few years, followed by CO 2 -enhanced gas recovery (CO 2 -EGR). The direct mineralization of flue gas by coal fly ash and the pH swing mineralization would be the most promising technology for the mineral sequestration of CO 2 . Furthermore, by accelerating the deployment of CCS projects on large scale, the government can also play its role in reducing the CO 2 emissions.