LAUSR

A function from the domain (x-set) to the codomain (y-set) connects each x element to precisely one y element. Since each x-point originating from the domain corresponds to two y-points on the graph of a closed curve (i.e., circle, ellipse, superellipse, or ovoid) in a rectangular (Cartesian) diagram, it does not fulfil the function’s requirements. This non-function phenomenon obstructs the nonlinear regression application for fitting observed data resembling a closed curve; thus, it requires transforming the rectangular coordinate system into a polar coordinate system. This study discusses nonlinear regression to fit the circumference of a tree stem’s cross-section and its sapwood–heartwood transition by transforming rectangular coordinates (x, y) of the observed data points’ positions into polar coordinates (r, θ). Following a polar coordinate model, circular curve fitting fits a log’s cross-sectional shape and sapwood–heartwood transition. Ellipse models result in better goodness of fit than circular ones, while the rotated ellipse is the best-fit one. Deviation from the circular shape indicates environmental effects on vascular cambium differentiation. Foresters have good choices: (1) continuing using the circular model as the simplest one or (2) changing to the rotated ellipse model because it gives the best fit to estimate a tree stem’s cross-sectional shape; therefore, it is more reliable to determine basal area, tree volume, and tree trunk biomass. Computer modelling transforms the best-fit model’s formulas of the rotated ellipse using Python scripts provided by Wolfram engine libraries.