LAUSR

Background and Objectives: Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are estimated to occur in approximately 10–20% of people living with HIV (PLWH). They are more commonly observed in newly diagnosed patients and in previously untreated patients or those refusing to undergo antiretroviral treatment. CNS diseases can also be the first manifestation of HIV/AIDS infection. The most common HIV-related central nervous system diseases (CNS-D) are CNS toxoplasmosis, CNS cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and HIV-associated encephalopathy treated as a neurocognitive disorder. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of available medical records was performed on 476 patients hospitalised over a period from 2016 to 2021 and diagnosed with HIV/AIDS infection at the department of infectious diseases at the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw. An additional criterion for selecting patients for the analysis was the performance of head imaging using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging on prospective patients. Results: Neurotoxoplasmosis, neurocryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and neurosyphilis were the most common CNS diseases among the analysed group of patients. Based on radiological descriptions, other abnormalities, such as vascular changes or cortical and subcortical atrophy of multifactorial origin, not exclusively related to HIV infection, were also frequently observed. The most common neurological symptoms reported in the study group were headaches, limb paresis, and gait and balance disturbance. Conclusions: The clinical picture and epidemiology of neurological manifestations in the group of HIV-infected patients under assessment were similar to the results of other authors. Given the current epidemiological situation, diagnosis for HIV infection should be considered in patients admitted to neurological departments.