LAUSR

As sessile organisms, plants are constantly challenged by several environmental stresses. Different kinds of stress often occur simultaneously, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOHD) and calcium fluctuation in cells. Extensive studies have revealed that flagellin sensitive 2 (FLS2) can sense the infection by pathogenic microorganisms and activate cellular immune response by regulating intracellular ROS and calcium signals, which can also be activated during plant response to abiotic stress. However, little is known about the roles of FLS2 and RBOHD in regulating abiotic stress. In this study, we found that although the fls2 mutant showed tolerance, the double mutant rbohd rbohf displayed hypersensitivity to abiotic stress, similar to its performance in response to immune stress. An analysis of the transcriptome of the fls2 mutant and rbohd rbohf double mutant revealed that phytochrome interacting factor 4 (PIF4) acted downstream of FLS2 and RBOHD to respond to the abiotic stress. Further analysis showed that both FLS2 and RBOHD regulated the response of plants to drought and salt stress by regulating the expression of PIF4. These findings revealed an FLS2–RBOHD–PIF4 module in regulating plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses.