LAUSR

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) has been identified as a crucial immune suppressor in human cancers, comparable to programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1). However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying its transcriptional upregulation in human cancers remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the transcription factors ETS-1 and ETS-2 bound to the Siglec-15 promoter to enhance transcription and expression of Siglec-15 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and that transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) upregulated the expression of ETS-1 and ETS-2 and facilitated the binding of ETS-1 and ETS-2 to the Siglec-15 promoter. We further demonstrate that TGF-β1 activated the Ras/C-Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, leading to phosphorylation of ETS-1 and ETS-2, which consequently upregulates the transcription and expression of Siglec-15. Our study defines a detailed molecular profile of how Siglec-15 is transcriptionally regulated which may offer significant opportunity for therapeutic intervention on HCC immunotherapy.