LAUSR

Simple Summary The Malpighian Tubules (MTs) are well known and studied as the main excretory organs in most insects. However, MTs, despite their quite simple morphology, can also serve numerous specialized functions in some species such as the production, processing, and storage of mucopolysaccharides, proteins, mucofibrils, adhesive secretions, brochosomes, silk-like fibers, and inorganic salts as well as the remarkable phenomenon of bioluminescence. In this review, we attempted to summarize the observations and experiments made from the 1850s to the present day concerning the non-excretive functions of insects’ MTs, underlying, when necessary, the need for new investigations supported by the numerous technologies currently available (e.g., chromatography, spectroscopy, microscopy, proteomic, genomic) to validate outdated theories and clarify some dubious aspects. Abstract The Malpighian Tubules (MTs) are the main excretory organs in most insects. They play a key role in the production of primary urine and osmoregulation, selectively reabsorbing water, ions, and solutes. Besides these functions conserved in most insects, MTs can serve some specialized tasks at different stages of some species’ development. The specialized functions include the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and proteins for the building of foam nests, mucofibrils for the construction of dwelling tubes, adhesive secretions to help the locomotion, and brochosomes for protection as well as the usage of inorganic salts to harden the puparia, eggs chorion, and pupal cells’ closing lids. MTs are also the organs responsible for the astonishing bioluminescence of some Diptera glowworms and can go through some drastic histological changes to produce a silk-like fiber utilized to spin cocoons. The specialized functions are associated with modifications of cells within the entire tubules, in specific segments, or, more rarely, modified secretory cells scattered along the MTs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the observations and experiments made over more than a century concerning the non-excretive functions of insects’ MTs, underlying the need for new investigations supported by the current, advanced technologies available to validate outdated theories and clarify some dubious aspects.