Ripple-spreading Algorithm (RSA) is a relatively new, nature-inspired, multi-agent based method for path optimization. This paper demonstrates that by modifying the micro-level behaviors of nodes and ripples, RSA achieves good… Click to show full abstract
Ripple-spreading Algorithm (RSA) is a relatively new, nature-inspired, multi-agent based method for path optimization. This paper demonstrates that by modifying the micro-level behaviors of nodes and ripples, RSA achieves good scalability for solving the k shortest paths problem (k–SPP). Initially, each node may generate k or more ripples to guarantee optimality. To improve computational efficiency for large-scale problems, we propose an approximate RSA (ARSA), where nodes generate no more than h ripples (1≤h
               
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