LAUSR

This paper, for the first time, reports an electrically inspired flexible electrochemical film power supply for long-term epidermal sensors. This device can periodically provide electrical power for several hours after a short-time electrical activation. The electrical activation makes acetylcholine, which is infused into the subcutaneous tissue by iontophoresis. The interstitial fluid (ISF) with glucose molecules is then permeated autonomously for several hours. At this period, the device can provide electrical power. The electrical power is generated from the catalyzing reaction between the glucose oxidase immobilized on the anode and the permeated glucose molecules. After the ISF permeation stops, we give a short-time electrical activation to provide electrical power for several hours again. The power supply is flexible, which makes it adaptively conform to skin. The episodic short-time electrical activation can be enabled by an integrated small film lithium-ion battery. This method extends the service life of a lithium-ion battery 10-fold and suggests the application of small lithium-ion batteries for long-term epidermal sensors.