LAUSR

The global concern about the gap between food production and consumption has intensified the research on the genetics, ecophysiology, and breeding of cereal crops. In this sense, several genetic studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of collections of germplasm accessions of major crops. In this study, a spectral-based classification approach for the assignment of wheat cultivars to genetically differentiated subpopulations (genetic structure) was carried out using a panel of 316 spring bread cultivars grown in two environments with different water regimes (rainfed and fully irrigated). For that, different machine-learning models were trained with foliar spectral and genetic information to assign the wheat cultivars to subpopulations. The results revealed that, in general, the hyperparameters ReLU (as the activation function), adam (as the optimizer), and a size batch of 10 give neural network models better accuracy. Genetically differentiated groups showed smaller differences in mean wavelengths under rainfed than under full irrigation, which coincided with a reduction in clustering accuracy in neural network models. The comparison of models indicated that the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was significantly more accurate in classifying individuals into their respective subpopulations, with 92 and 93% of correct individual assignments in water-limited and fully irrigated environments, respectively, whereas 92% (full irrigation) and 78% (rainfed) of cultivars were correctly assigned to their respective classes by the multilayer perceptron method and partial least squares discriminant analysis, respectively. Notably, CNN did not show significant differences between both environments, which indicates stability in the prediction independent of the different water regimes. It is concluded that foliar spectral variation can be used to accurately infer the belonging of a cultivar to its respective genetically differentiated group, even considering radically different environments, which is highly desirable in the context of crop genetic resources management.