LAUSR

Geospatial techniques can be used to assess the dynamic conditions of coastal land use and land cover in order to make informed decisions about future management strategies for sustainable development through a combination of remote sensing data with field observations of shoreline characteristics along coastlines worldwide. Geospatial techniques offer an invaluable method for analyzing complex coastal systems at multiple scales. The coastal land use and land cover from the Subarnarekha (Orissa) to the Rasulpur estuaries (West Bengal) along the Bay of Bengal are dynamically modified by a complex interaction between land and sea. This is due to various dominating factors of physical and anthropogenic activities, which cause changes in the landscape. The main objective of this study was to identify the periodical transformation and changes in land-use/land-cover (LULC) features by the USGS-LULC classification method using a maximum-likelihood classifier (MLC) algorithm and satellite images for the period 1975–2018. The entire study area was divided into three ‘littoral zones’ (LZs). This will help in understanding how LULC has changed over time, as well as providing insight into human activities impacting on coastal environments. This study focused on five features selected for LULC classification, namely, built-up, vegetation, soil, sand and shallow-water areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate human encroachment near shore areas as well as the transformation of soil and sand into built-up areas over a 43-year period from 1975 to 2018 using geospatial techniques. To estimate the changes in the areas, a geodatabase was prepared for each LULC feature. Finally, statistical analysis was performed on all available datasets, which allowed the researchers to identify trends in land-cover change from 1975–2018 within each category, such as increasing deforestation and urbanization rates due to increased population growth. The results of the study show the expansion of shallow-water areas, which is one of the major factors influencing coastal erosion. Maximum shallow-water-level enhancement was observed in LZ I and LZ II. In LZ I, shallow water increased from 1 km2 to 4.55 km2. In LZ II, the initial 1.7 km2 shallow-water area increased to 13.56 km2, meaning an increase of 11.86 km2 in shallow-water zones. A positive change was noticed in vegetation area, which increased from 2.82% (4.13 km2) to 15.46% (22.07 km2). Accuracy assessment was applied for all classified images, and more than 85% accuracy was considered for the overall accuracy assessment. Finally, Kappa coefficient statistics were adopted to complete the accuracy analysis, and 80% or more than 80% accuracy was obtained for all classified images. This information can also help inform policy makers about potential environmental impacts associated with certain activities, such as coastal development and agricultural expansion, so that appropriate steps can be taken towards mitigating these impacts before it is too late.