LAUSR

This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of red ginseng extract (RGE) on regulating hair growth and hair follicle development. Results from in vitro studies showed that RGE treatment simultaneously enhanced viability and inhibited apoptosis in human hair dermal papilla cells. Moreover, RGE administration promoted telogen-to-anagen transition, prolonged anagen in hair follicular cycling, and increased the size of hair follicles and skin thickness in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Furthermore, RGE treatment significantly upregulated the expression of β-catenin, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3β, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and Bcl-2, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, and phospho-Akt, which are associated with promoting hair growth. In addition, RGE enhanced skin health by activation of antiox-idant defense systems. Our data demonstrates that hair regenerative mechanisms of RGE may be mediated by stimulating dermal papilla cell proliferation and enhancing skin functions.