LAUSR

Lung cancer (LC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-associated death. Serum markers that exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for LC may assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of LC. The banked serum samples from 599 individuals, including 201 healthy controls, 124 patients with benign lung diseases, and 274 LC cases, were used. The serum concentrations of biomarkers were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and chemiluminescence immunoassay. The results showed that the serum human epididymis secretory protein 4 (HE4) levels in the LC group were significantly higher than in the healthy and benign lung disease groups. The serum levels of HE4, NSE, and CYFRA21-1 were significantly higher in patients with LC compared to those in the benign lung disease group. The area under the area under the curve (AUC) of HE4 for discriminating LC from healthy controls was 0.851 (95% CI, 0.818-0.884) and 0.739 (95% CI, 0.695-0.783), 0.747 (95% CI, 0.704-0.790), 0.626 (95% CI, 0.577-0.676), and 0.700 (95% CI, 0.653-0.747) for NSE, CYFRA21-1, SCC, and ProGRP, respectively. The AUC value of the combination of serum HE4 combined with NSE, CYFRA21-1, SCC, and proGRP for cancer diagnosis was 0.896 (95% CI, 0.868-0.923). In early LC, the AUC value of HE4 for discriminating early LC from healthy controls was 0.802 (95% CI, 0.758-0.845), 0.728 (95% CI, 0.679-0.778), 0.699 (95% CI, 0.646-0.752), 0.605 (95% CI, 0.548-0.662), and 0.685 (95% CI, 0.630-0.739) for NSE, CYFRA21-1, SCC, and ProGRP, respectively. The AUC value of the combination of serum HE4 with NSE, CYFRA21-1, SCC, and proGRP for early LC was 0.867 (95% CI, 0.831-0.903). Serum HE4 is a promising LC biomarker, particularly for early-stage LC. Measuring serum HE4 levels may improve the diagnostic efficiency of LC.