LAUSR

The war on cancer has traditionally been fought by deploying ever-powerful tactics of killing cancer cells by irradiation, chemoand targeted-therapies. Many hard-fought battles have been won but novel strategies are necessary to declare ultimate victory in the war on cancer. Picking up from where Dr William Cooley left us more than a century ago, a recent paradigm shift in cancer treatment has redirected new therapeutic approaches toward arming the immune system to eradicate cancer – the birth of modern immuno-oncology. In this regard, we have witnessed durable responses in advanced cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors [1], as well as adoptive cell transfer therapies [2]. Unfortunately, only small populations of cancer patients experienced benefits from immuno logical therapies. New strategies are still urgently needed for nonresponders and those becoming treatment resistant [3].