LAUSR

We report on the synergic effect of surfactants and chelating agents on the mechanism to remove stubborn keratin grime (keratin-Ca), which is bound with calcium ions and one of the most difficult grimes to remove, in order to make it easier to clean bathtubs in less time and with less scrubbing. Our approach was to focus on keratin swelling, which we achieved by applying aqueous solutions with chelating agents and anionic surfactants, the combination of which greatly improved the swelling ratio, resulting in quick, easy removal of keratin-Ca with water rinsing and little scrubbing. For the swelling process, we added chelating agents and anionic surfactants to swell the keratin-Ca by both capturing calcium ions and improving solution permeation. Furthermore, we measured the structural change of the keratin-Ca during swelling by TD-NMR and confirmed that a certain combination of chelating agent and anionic surfactant improved swelling by affecting not only the amorphous part such as the keratin matrix, but also the crystalline part such as the intermediate filaments (IFs).