Indications of Referee Bias in Division I Women’s College Volleyball: Testing Expectancy Violations and Examining Nonverbal Communication
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DOI: 10.1123/ijsc.2023-0050
Abstract: This research examined the ball-handling errors that referees called against historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in Division I women’s college volleyball. A ball-handling error is an impermissible nonverbal communicative act such as a ball… read more here.
Keywords: referee bias; college volleyball; division women; expectancy violations ... See more keywords