Echocardiography-based pressure–volume loop assessment in the evaluation for the effects of indoxyl sulfate on cardiovascular function
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DOI: 10.1007/s12574-018-0385-5
Abstract: BackgroundIndoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, has been reported to have hypertrophic effects on the heart. Previous studies, however, have shown no association between elevated IS levels and cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients. We hypothesized… read more here.
Keywords: based pressure; echocardiography based; pressure volume; volume ... See more keywords