Seasonal fecundity and costs to λ are more strongly affected by direct than indirect predation effects across species.
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DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1860
Abstract: Increased perceived predation risk can cause behavioral and physiological responses to reduce direct predation mortality, but these responses can also cause demographic costs through reduced reproductive output. Such indirect costs of predation risk have received… read more here.
Keywords: predation risk; across species; indirect predation; seasonal fecundity ... See more keywords