Indirect risk effects reduce feeding efficiency of ducks during spring
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DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3714
Abstract: Abstract Indirect risk effects of predators on prey behavior can have more of an impact on prey populations than direct consumptive effects. Predation risk can elicit more vigilance behavior in prey, reducing the amount of… read more here.
Keywords: predation risk; risk; indirect risk; risk effects ... See more keywords