Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and wastewater ponds, Part II: Developmental, physiological, morphological and behavioural effects of ingestion of secondary clarified effluent water.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.021
Abstract: Rather than migrating, mallard ducks may choose to overwinter in northern cities on open-water thermal refuges, such as municipal wastewater treatment ponds, which in Edmonton, Canada, stay ≥10°C during frigid winter months. Refuging mallards spend… read more here.
Keywords: anas platyrhynchos; mallards anas; water; secondary clarified ... See more keywords