Smoking affects gut immune system of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases by modulating metabolomic profiles and mucosal microbiota
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DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2025-334922
Abstract: Background The aetiology and pathogenesis of IBD are intricate, involving genetic and environmental factors. Notably, cigarette smoking has contrasting effects, being detrimental to Crohn’s disease (CD) and beneficial to UC. However, the mechanisms underlying these… read more here.
Keywords: immune system; mucosal microbiota; smoking affects; gut immune ... See more keywords