The gauge-invariant Lagrangian, the Power–Zienau–Woolley picture, and the choices of field momenta in nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics
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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94405-z
Abstract: We show that the Power-Zienau-Woolley picture of the electrodynamics of nonrelativistic neutral particles (atoms) can be derived from a gauge-invariant Lagrangian without making reference to any gauge whatsoever in the process. This equivalence is independent… read more here.
Keywords: woolley picture; field; electrodynamics; gauge invariant ... See more keywords